Navigation Page Sections Unit Intro Chapter 2 Different Types of Data From Peru Peru's Population Pyramid Demographic Transition Model Dependency Ratio Anti-Natal or Pro-Natal Policies Chapter 3 Migration In Peru Internally Displaced Persons, Refugees, and Asylum Seekers Remittances Human Development Index Unit 1 Unit Intro Chapter 1 Major Toponyms Where is Peru? Types of Regions Types of Maps Human Development Index Environmental Determinism and Possibilism Environmental Determinism In Peru Environmental Challenges In Peru Unit 2 Unit Intro Chapter 2 Different Types of Data From Peru Peru's Population Pyramid Demographic Transition Model Dependency Ratio Anti-Natal or Pro-Natal Policies Chapter 3 Migration In Peru Internally Displaced Persons, Refugees, and Asylum Seekers Remittances Human Development Index Unit 3 Unit Intro Chapter 4 Major Toponyms Where is Peru? Types of Maps Human Development Index Chapter 5 Major Toponyms Where is Peru? Types of Maps Human Development Index Chapter 6 Major Toponyms Where is Peru? Types of Maps Human Development Index Chapter 7 Major Toponyms Where is Peru? Types of Maps Human Development Index Sources
Unit 2
Population and Migration Patterns and Processes
Chapters 2 and 3
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Introduction
This unit will go over the demographic features of populations, such as birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy, and is critical to understanding population dynamics. The course will also discuss how the distribution of people affects all other aspects of human geography. Peru is situated in Western South America, South of Ecuador and Colombia, and North of Chile. Some of the major land areas of Peru are its habitats that range from arid plains in the Pacific coastal region, the peaks of the Andes Mountains extending from the Southeastern part of the country to the Northern part, and the Tropical Amazon Basin Rainforest in the East along with the Amazon River. Important sites in Peru are the City Of Machu Picchu and the Capital City, Lima.






Chapter 2

Different Types of Data From Peru
Most Current Population
The most current population can be defined as the amount of people living in a place last measured by a census.
The most current population of Peru is 33,561,114 people as of 2022.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The Crude Birth Rate is the amount of live births in a year per every 1,000 people in the population.
As of 2019, the CBR of Peru was 17.76 births per every 1,000 people.
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The Crude Death Rate can be defined as the amount of deaths for every 1,000 people in the population per year
As of 2019, the CDR of Peru was 5.579 deaths per 1,000 people.
Natural Rate of Increase (NIR)
The Natural Rate of Increase is the percentage of the growth of a population in a year.
In 2019, the Natural Increase Rate of Peru is 11.88 per 1,000 people
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Infant Mortality Rate can be defined as the number of infant deaths under 1 years old every year, compared to the total number of live births.
In peru, there are 10.3 deaths per 1,000 live births as of 2019.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Total Fertility Rate is the average number of children a woman will birth throughout her childbearing years.
The Total Fertility Rate in Peru is 2.233 total births per woman.
Peru's Population Pyramid
Peru’s population pyramid is constrictive, with a narrower base and less younger people. Based on the population pyramid in 2019 compared to that of 1950, there are more people that are living to be older, and less young people surviving. This shows that medicinal help, life expectancy, and living improvements have increased within the last 60 years. Economically, that means that there are more people in the working age, which brings more money into the economic system. It can be hypothesized that in the future, the pyramid will become more stationary, especially since that is a trend that has been observed throughout the years of Peru’s population tendencies.

Demographic Transition Model
The demographic transition model is a diagram that helps people understand the change of population from high death rates and crude birth and low rate of natural increase to a place of low death rates, crude birth, and rate of natural increase, to a higher total population. There are four stages (low growth, high growth, moderate growth, and low growth again). Based on the information, Peru appears to be in stage 3, because they have a declining crude birth rate at 17.76 births per every 1,000 people in 2019, compared to 21.1 in 2009. It also has a moderately declining crude death rate, at 5.579 deaths per 1,000 people, and a moderate natural rate of increase, at 11.88 per 1,000 people. Peru also has a constrictive population pyramid, which falls into stage 3 of the model.

Dependency Ratio
The dependency ratio in Peru is 50.19% as of 2020. This shows that nearly 50 percent of the population are working ages (about 15 to 64). This means that there needs to be a lot of jobs and opportunities for people to work, if they need to, in order for them to help support the other half of the population. It is therefore implied that there might be competition for work if there are limited numbers of work opportunities, causing more people to work harder for a better paycheck. What is interesting is that the dependency ratio has decreased over time, meaning that there were more working people in 2010 and earlier.
Anti-Natal or Pro-Natal Policies?
Peru has anti-natal policies, however, these family planning services haven’t been very effective. Most of the clients of these services have been women who are wealthy, rather than poorer. These anti-natal laws are targeted towards poor families, but wealthy families are the people who seem to benefit from it the most. Because of this, this can make the anti-natal laws seem unjust and upsetting. Demonstrating the family planning policies, this advertisement is an example of anti-natal laws in Peru.






Chapter 3
Migration In Peru
Push Factors

Something that encourages people to emigrate from their location.

Pull Factors

Something that encourages people to immigrate to a location.

Net-Out Migration and Push/Pull Factors
Peru’s population pyramid is constrictive, with a narrower base and less younger people. Based on the population pyramid in 2019 compared to that of 1950, there are more people that are living to be older, and less young people surviving. This shows that medicinal help, life expectancy, and living improvements have increased within the last 60 years. Economically, that means that there are more people in the working age, which brings more money into the economic system. It can be hypothesized that in the future, the pyramid will become more stationary, especially since that is a trend that has been observed throughout the years of Peru’s population tendencies.
Internally Displaced persons, Refugees, and Asylum Seekers
Internally displaced persons
A person who has been forced to migrate (similar to that of a refugee), but hasn’t migrated across an international border
There are 59,846 IDPs in Peru. Women make up 25,080 (58%) of the total, while males make up 34,760 (42%) of the total. Crossing the Amazon River and the Amazon Rainforest were intervening obstacles.
Refugees
A person forced to migrate to another place because they want to avoid the effects of generalized violence, armed conflict, violation of human rights, and other circumstances that make it so they cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, nationality, religion, political opinion, or membership in a social group.
Peru hosts about 1.3 million Venezuelan refugees and migrants, making it the second most popular destination after Colombia and the world's first host country for Venezuelan asylum applicants. Venezuelans account for 532,000 of the 537,000 officially recorded asylum seekers. Crossing the Amazon River and the Amazon Rainforest were intervening obstacles.
Asylum seekers
People who have migrated to other countries hoping to be recognized as a refugee.
There are around 537,000 asylum seekers in Peru. Venezuelans account for 532,000 of the 537,000 officially recorded asylum seekers. Crossing the Amazon River and the Amazon Rainforest were intervening obstacles.
Remittances
Remittances do impact the country, with many migrants sending back money made in countries, such as the United States. Since the third quarter of 2021, there has been 887.31 million USD sent back to Peru in remittances. This is a lot of money, which shows that there’s a lot of immigrants in the United States from Peru. Over the last couple of years, the amount of money being sent back to Peru has increased. This could potentially correlate with the amount of immigrants, or high paying jobs becoming more accessible and realistic.

Quotas and Policies in Peru
Currently, Peru does not have any quotas in place for permanent visas, which allow a person to get immigration status and stay in the country. However, there is The New Immigraiton Law, which is managed by the National Immigration Agency, the Ministry of Foreign affairs, and the Ministry of Labour. The first agency listed is in charge of issuing identity cards and visas, as well as monitoring immigration policy. The second agency listed is responsible for issuing visas outside of Peru. The third agency is responsible for approving employment contracts regarding foreign citizens.
Sources
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